Architectural and planning principles for the optimization of open spaces in residential and public development

Abstract

The article analyzes modern architectural and planning principles for optimizing open spaces in residential and public developments. Drawing on international experience from cities such as Copenhagen, London, and New York, it explores strategies for creating comfortable, inclusive, and sustainable urban environments. Particular attention is given to academic frameworks by Jan Gehl, Matthew Carmona, and the Project for Public Spaces (PPS), emphasizing human-centered design and social engagement. The quality of open spaces is shown to depend on accessibility, functionality, social interaction, and adaptability to change. The paper formulates a comprehen-sive set of principles ensuring a balanced and sustainable approach to urban open-space design.